What Does the Department of Education Do? [2025 Complete Guide]

Introduction: Understanding the Department of Education's Role

Have you ever wondered who oversees the education system in the United States and ensures that students from kindergarten through college receive quality learning opportunities? The U.S. Department of Education (ED) plays a critical role in shaping educational policies, distributing funding, and protecting the rights of students across the nation. Established in 1979 as a Cabinet-level agency, the Department of Education has become one of the most influential government bodies affecting millions of students, teachers, and families.

Understanding what the Department of Education does is essential for students, parents, educators, and anyone interested in how education policy impacts daily life. From providing federal student aid to enforcing civil rights in schools, the Department's responsibilities are vast and often misunderstood. Many people assume the Department directly controls what students learn in classrooms, but in reality, its role is more nuanced—focusing on support, funding, research, and oversight rather than day-to-day curriculum decisions.

In this comprehensive guide, we'll explore the Department of Education's history, core functions, key programs, organizational structure, and ongoing debates about its role in American education. Whether you're a high school student planning for college, a parent navigating school options, or simply someone curious about how federal education policy works, this article will provide you with the knowledge you need to understand this crucial government agency.

Historical Background: How the Department of Education Was Created

The U.S. Department of Education, as we know it today, was established on May 4, 1980, when President Jimmy Carter signed legislation creating it as a separate Cabinet-level agency. However, the federal government's involvement in education dates back much further, with various agencies and offices handling education-related matters throughout American history.

Early Federal Involvement in Education

The first Office of Education was created in 1867 to collect information on schools and teaching methods that could help states establish effective education systems. This small agency was later folded into the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) in 1953, where it remained for nearly three decades.

During the 1960s and 1970s, the federal role in education expanded significantly with landmark legislation such as the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 and the Higher Education Act of 1965. These laws increased federal funding for schools and created programs to support disadvantaged students, marking a turning point in federal education policy.

The Push for a Separate Department

By the late 1970s, educators and policymakers argued that education deserved Cabinet-level representation to give it more visibility and influence in federal policy decisions. The National Education Association strongly supported this move, believing that a dedicated department would better serve students and teachers nationwide.

After extensive debate, Congress passed the Department of Education Organization Act in 1979, and the new department officially began operations in May 1980. The Department assumed most of the education functions previously handled by HEW, consolidating them under a single agency with a clear mission: to promote student achievement and preparation for global competitiveness by fostering educational excellence and ensuring equal access.

Core Mission and Functions of the Department of Education

The Department of Education's primary mission is to promote student achievement and preparation for global competitiveness by fostering educational excellence and ensuring equal access to educational opportunity. Unlike many other countries where the national government directly controls schools, the U.S. has a decentralized education system where states and local districts retain primary control over curriculum, teacher hiring, and daily school operations.

The Federal Role in a State-Led System

The Department of Education operates within a unique framework where education is primarily a state and local responsibility. The Tenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution reserves powers not specifically granted to the federal government to the states, which means states have constitutional authority over education. This creates a delicate balance where the federal government influences education through funding, research, and civil rights enforcement without directly controlling what happens in classrooms.

Federal education funding accounts for approximately 8-10% of total K-12 education spending in the United States, with state and local sources providing the remaining 90-92%. Despite this relatively small financial contribution, federal policies and programs have significant impact because they target specific national priorities such as supporting disadvantaged students, students with disabilities, and English language learners.

Key Responsibilities and Activities

The Department of Education fulfills its mission through several core functions that affect every level of education from preschool through graduate school:

Establishing Policies: The Department develops federal education policies that address national priorities while respecting state and local control. This includes creating regulations that implement laws passed by Congress.
Administering Grant Programs: The Department distributes over $100 billion annually in federal grants and loans to support students, schools, colleges, and universities. These programs target specific needs such as supporting low-income students, improving teacher quality, and expanding access to technology.
Collecting Data and Research: Through agencies like the National Center for Education Statistics and the Institute of Education Sciences, the Department collects comprehensive data on education trends, conducts research on effective practices, and publishes reports that inform policy decisions.
Enforcing Civil Rights: The Department's Office for Civil Rights ensures that schools receiving federal funds comply with civil rights laws prohibiting discrimination based on race, color, national origin, sex, disability, and age.
Providing Guidance and Technical Assistance: The Department offers guidance to states, districts, schools, and families on implementing federal programs, complying with regulations, and accessing resources.
Evaluating Program Effectiveness: The Department monitors and evaluates federal education programs to determine their impact and identify areas for improvement, helping ensure taxpayer dollars are spent effectively.

Major Programs and Initiatives Administered by the Department

The Department of Education manages dozens of programs that impact students at every level of education. Understanding these programs helps clarify how the Department affects daily educational experiences and opportunities.

Federal Student Aid (FSA)

The Federal Student Aid office is perhaps the Department's most visible function, directly touching millions of students and families each year. FSA administers over $120 billion annually in federal grants, loans, and work-study funds to help students pay for college and career school. This massive program makes higher education accessible to students who might not otherwise afford it.

Federal student aid includes several key programs. Pell Grants provide need-based financial assistance to low-income undergraduate students, with maximum awards around $7,395 for the 2023-2024 academic year. Federal Direct Loans offer subsidized and unsubsidized loans to undergraduate and graduate students, with flexible repayment options. The Federal Work-Study program provides part-time employment opportunities for students with financial need. Additionally, programs like TEACH Grants support students pursuing teaching careers, particularly in high-need subjects and schools. For students considering higher education, understanding these federal aid options is crucial for planning your educational journey.

Title I Grants to Local Educational Agencies

Title I is the Department of Education's largest K-12 program, providing over $17 billion annually to schools and districts serving high percentages of children from low-income families. Established under the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (now known as the Every Student Succeeds Act), Title I aims to ensure that all children meet challenging state academic standards.

Title I funds support a wide range of activities including hiring additional teachers to reduce class sizes, providing professional development for educators, purchasing instructional materials and technology, offering extended learning time through after-school and summer programs, and engaging parents in their children's education. Schools with high percentages of low-income students can operate as 'schoolwide programs,' using Title I funds flexibly to improve the entire school, while other schools operate 'targeted assistance programs' serving specifically identified students who are struggling academically.

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

The Department administers IDEA, which provides federal funding to states to support special education and related services for students with disabilities. IDEA ensures that students with disabilities receive a free appropriate public education in the least restrictive environment possible. The law covers children from birth through age 21 and guarantees specific rights including individualized education programs, due process protections, and placement in general education settings when appropriate.

IDEA funding, which totals approximately $14 billion annually, helps states and districts cover the additional costs of special education services. While IDEA originally promised federal funding for 40% of the excess cost of educating students with disabilities, actual funding has historically been much lower, typically around 14-15%, leading to ongoing debates about adequate federal support for special education.

Impact Aid

Impact Aid provides financial assistance to school districts that lose property tax revenue due to the presence of federal property or that serve children of federal employees, including military families. Because federal property is exempt from local property taxes—which typically fund public schools—districts with significant federal presence face budget challenges. Impact Aid helps compensate for this lost revenue, ensuring that children living on military bases, Native American lands, or near other federal properties receive quality education.

Career and Technical Education

The Department supports career and technical education (CTE) through the Carl D. Perkins Career and Technical Education Act, which provides over $1.3 billion annually to states, districts, and postsecondary institutions. CTE programs prepare students for careers in fields such as healthcare, information technology, advanced manufacturing, and skilled trades. These programs combine academic knowledge with technical skills, often offering industry-recognized credentials and pathways to both employment and further education.

For students exploring career paths, CTE programs offer valuable hands-on learning experiences. If you're trying to decide between academic and career-technical options, our career guidance resources can help you make informed decisions about your future.

Organizational Structure: How the Department of Education Is Organized

The Department of Education is led by the Secretary of Education, a Cabinet-level position appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. The Secretary advises the President on education policies, implements federal education programs, and represents American education interests both domestically and internationally.

Principal Offices and Their Functions

The Department is organized into several principal offices, each with specific responsibilities:

Office of Elementary and Secondary Education (OESE): Administers programs supporting K-12 education, including Title I, school choice programs, and initiatives for homeless students and migrant children.
Office of Postsecondary Education (OPE): Oversees programs supporting higher education institutions, students, and teachers, including TRIO programs, teacher quality partnerships, and international education.
Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services (OSERS): Administers IDEA and provides leadership for special education and vocational rehabilitation services.
Federal Student Aid (FSA): Manages all federal student financial aid programs, serving as the largest provider of student financial assistance in the nation.
Office for Civil Rights (OCR): Ensures equal access to education by enforcing civil rights laws that prohibit discrimination in programs receiving federal financial assistance.
Institute of Education Sciences (IES): Conducts rigorous research, evaluation, and statistics activities to provide evidence-based information to improve education policy and practice.
Office of Career, Technical, and Adult Education (OCTAE): Supports programs that help youth and adults gain the knowledge and skills needed for success in postsecondary education and careers.

These offices work together to implement the Department's mission, coordinating across program areas to address complex education challenges and ensure efficient use of federal resources.

Regional Offices

The Department maintains ten regional offices across the country, each serving multiple states. These regional offices provide technical assistance to states and districts, monitor compliance with federal regulations, investigate complaints, and serve as liaisons between the Department's headquarters in Washington, D.C., and local communities. This regional structure helps the Department stay connected to the diverse needs and challenges of schools and students across the nation.

Protecting Students' Rights: Civil Rights Enforcement

One of the Department of Education's most important functions is enforcing federal civil rights laws in education. The Office for Civil Rights investigates complaints of discrimination and ensures that schools, colleges, and other educational institutions receiving federal funds comply with laws prohibiting discrimination.

Key Civil Rights Laws Enforced by the Department

The Department enforces several major civil rights statutes that protect students from discrimination:

Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964: Prohibits discrimination based on race, color, or national origin in programs receiving federal financial assistance.
Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972: Prohibits discrimination based on sex in education programs receiving federal funds, covering issues from athletics to sexual harassment and assault.
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973: Prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in programs receiving federal financial assistance.
Age Discrimination Act of 1975: Prohibits discrimination based on age in programs receiving federal financial assistance.
Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act: Prohibits discrimination based on disability by public entities, including public schools and universities.

How Civil Rights Investigations Work

When the Office for Civil Rights receives a complaint alleging discrimination, it follows a structured investigation process. The office first determines whether the complaint falls within its jurisdiction and meets the criteria for investigation. If so, investigators collect evidence, interview witnesses, review policies and practices, and determine whether a violation occurred. If discrimination is found, the office works with the institution to develop a resolution agreement that corrects the violation and prevents future discrimination. In cases where institutions refuse to comply, the Department can initiate enforcement actions, including withholding federal funds.

The office also conducts proactive compliance reviews, examining institutions' policies and practices even without a specific complaint. These reviews help identify systemic issues and promote best practices in protecting civil rights. In recent years, the office has focused significant attention on issues such as school discipline disparities, sexual harassment and assault on college campuses, access to technology for students with disabilities, and discrimination against LGBTQ+ students.

Data Collection and Research: Informing Education Policy

The Department of Education is the nation's primary source of education data and research, collecting comprehensive information about schools, students, teachers, and outcomes at all levels of education. This work helps policymakers, educators, researchers, and the public understand education trends and make evidence-based decisions.

National Center for Education Statistics (NCES)

NCES is the primary federal entity for collecting and analyzing education data. It conducts regular surveys and assessments that provide detailed information about the American education system. Key NCES activities include the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), often called 'The Nation's Report Card,' which measures student achievement in reading, mathematics, science, and other subjects across the country. NAEP provides the only nationally representative assessment of what students know and can do, allowing comparisons across states and demographic groups.

NCES also administers international assessments such as the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) and Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), which allow comparisons between U.S. students and their peers in other countries. These assessments have sparked important national conversations about education quality and competitiveness. Additionally, NCES collects data through surveys like the Schools and Staffing Survey, which provides information about teachers, principals, schools, and districts, and the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), which collects data from all colleges and universities receiving federal financial aid.

Institute of Education Sciences (IES)

IES is the Department's research arm, supporting rigorous studies of education interventions, programs, and policies. Established in 2002 to bring scientific rigor to education research, IES funds research through several centers including the National Center for Education Research, which supports research on effective education practices; the National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, which evaluates federal education programs and operates the What Works Clearinghouse; and the National Center for Special Education Research, which supports research on improving outcomes for students with disabilities.

IES-funded research has produced important findings on topics such as effective reading instruction methods, interventions for struggling students, teacher professional development models, and school turnaround strategies. The What Works Clearinghouse reviews existing research and rates the evidence behind various education programs and practices, helping educators make informed decisions about adopting interventions.

How Federal Education Funding Works

Understanding federal education funding helps clarify the Department of Education's influence and limitations. While federal funds represent a relatively small percentage of total education spending, they target critical national priorities and often come with specific requirements that shape state and local practices.

The Budget Process

The Department of Education's budget is determined through the annual federal appropriations process. The President proposes a budget for the Department each year, outlining spending priorities and requesting specific funding levels for various programs. Congress then develops its own budget through the appropriations process, with the House and Senate education committees and appropriations subcommittees holding hearings, debating priorities, and drafting spending bills. The final budget often differs significantly from the President's proposal, reflecting congressional priorities and political negotiations.

In recent years, the Department's discretionary budget has ranged from approximately $60-80 billion annually, with an additional $30-40 billion in mandatory spending primarily for Pell Grants. This makes the Department one of the smaller Cabinet agencies in terms of budget, though its impact extends far beyond its spending through regulation, guidance, and research.

How Funds Reach Schools and Students

Federal education funds flow through several mechanisms. Formula grants allocate funds to states based on specific criteria such as student enrollment, poverty rates, or numbers of students with disabilities. States then distribute these funds to local school districts according to federal requirements and state policies. Competitive grants, on the other hand, require states, districts, or organizations to apply and compete for funding based on the quality of their proposals and alignment with program priorities. Direct grants and loans go directly to individual students or institutions, such as Federal Student Aid programs that help students pay for college.

For students and families navigating the education system, understanding funding sources matters because it affects available programs and resources. If you're looking to maximize available educational resources, exploring study resources organized by grade level can help you identify materials and support aligned with your needs.

Funding Priorities and Debates

Federal education funding priorities have evolved over time, reflecting changing national concerns. Current priorities include supporting disadvantaged students through Title I and Pell Grants, ensuring access for students with disabilities through IDEA, promoting innovation through competitive grant programs like Race to the Top, supporting teacher development and recruitment, expanding access to early childhood education, and improving career and technical education.

Debates about federal education funding center on questions such as whether funding levels are adequate to meet program goals, how much flexibility states and districts should have in using federal funds, whether competitive grant programs effectively drive improvement or create winners and losers, how to balance funding for K-12 education versus higher education, and whether certain programs should receive more or less emphasis. These debates reflect differing philosophies about the appropriate federal role in education and priorities for using limited resources.

Major Education Policies and Legislation

The Department of Education implements laws passed by Congress and develops regulations and policies to carry out these laws. Understanding key legislation helps clarify the Department's priorities and authority.

Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)

ESSA, signed into law in 2015, replaced the No Child Left Behind Act as the primary federal law governing K-12 education. ESSA maintains the federal government's commitment to equity by requiring states to test students annually in grades 3-8 and once in high school, report results disaggregated by student subgroups, and intervene in low-performing schools. However, ESSA gave states significantly more flexibility than No Child Left Behind, allowing them to design their own accountability systems, choose which standardized tests to use, and determine how to intervene in struggling schools.

The Department of Education's role under ESSA includes reviewing and approving state accountability plans, monitoring implementation, ensuring compliance with civil rights requirements, and providing technical assistance. This law reflects the ongoing tension between federal oversight ensuring equal opportunity and state control preserving local decision-making authority.

Higher Education Act

The Higher Education Act (HEA), first passed in 1965 and reauthorized multiple times, governs federal support for higher education. HEA authorizes Federal Student Aid programs, creates regulations for colleges and universities receiving federal funds, establishes programs supporting minority-serving institutions and teacher preparation, and requires institutions to report data on costs, graduation rates, and other outcomes.

HEA reauthorization is often contentious, with debates over issues such as college affordability and student loan debt, accountability for poor-performing institutions, support for for-profit colleges, and regulations around campus sexual assault. As of 2024, HEA has not been comprehensively reauthorized since 2008, though Congress has made targeted changes through various laws.

Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)

FERPA protects the privacy of student education records, giving parents rights to access their children's education records, request corrections to inaccurate records, and control disclosure of personally identifiable information. When students turn 18 or attend postsecondary institutions, these rights transfer to them. The Department enforces FERPA by investigating complaints and ensuring that schools and institutions receiving federal funds comply with privacy requirements.

Ongoing Debates About the Department of Education

The Department of Education has been controversial since its creation, with ongoing debates about its appropriate role, effectiveness, and even whether it should exist. Understanding these debates provides important context for how the Department operates and how it may evolve.

Federal Role in Education

Perhaps the most fundamental debate concerns how much influence the federal government should have in education. Critics of federal involvement argue that education is primarily a state and local responsibility under the Constitution, that federal regulations create bureaucratic burdens for schools and districts, that one-size-fits-all federal policies don't account for local needs and contexts, and that federal programs can incentivize states to adopt policies they wouldn't otherwise choose. Supporters of federal involvement counter that federal action is necessary to ensure equal educational opportunity across states, that federal funding helps states meet needs they couldn't afford otherwise, that federal data and research provide valuable information for improving education, and that federal civil rights enforcement prevents discrimination that states might overlook or tolerate.

This debate plays out in specific policy discussions about accountability requirements, testing mandates, regulations governing schools and teachers, and funding conditions attached to federal grants. The balance between federal influence and state autonomy shifts over time depending on which political party controls the White House and Congress, but the underlying tension remains constant.

School Choice and Privatization

The Department has become involved in debates about school choice, including charter schools, vouchers, and education savings accounts. Some argue that the Department should actively promote school choice options, believing that competition improves education quality and that families should control education decisions. Others worry that school choice diverts resources from traditional public schools, lacks adequate accountability for student outcomes and civil rights protections, and can increase segregation and inequality.

Different administrations have taken varying approaches to school choice, with some Secretaries of Education strongly promoting choice programs and others focusing more on improving traditional public schools. These differing philosophies affect how the Department uses discretionary grant funds, what guidance it provides to states, and what priorities it emphasizes in policy discussions.

Standardized Testing and Accountability

Federal testing and accountability requirements have generated significant controversy. The No Child Left Behind Act's requirements for annual testing and consequences for schools that didn't make adequate yearly progress sparked backlash from educators, parents, and policymakers who believed testing became excessive and distorted education priorities. While ESSA reduced some federal mandates, debates continue about how much testing is appropriate, what consequences should apply to low-performing schools, how accountability systems should measure school quality beyond test scores, and whether federal testing requirements improve education or create perverse incentives.

For students facing high-stakes tests, understanding test content and preparation strategies is crucial. Resources like our grade-specific study materials can help you prepare effectively for assessments that matter for your future.

Student Loan Debt and College Affordability

The Department administers federal student loan programs totaling over $1.6 trillion in outstanding debt, making student loans a major political and policy issue. Debates center on whether the government should forgive some or all student loan debt, how to make college more affordable to prevent future debt accumulation, what repayment options and protections should be available to borrowers, how to hold colleges accountable for poor student outcomes while saddling graduates with debt, and whether the federal student loan system itself needs fundamental restructuring.

Different administrations have taken varying approaches to student loan debt relief, income-driven repayment plans, and regulations governing for-profit colleges. These policy shifts significantly affect millions of borrowers and prospective students, making the Department's actions on higher education finance highly consequential.

Proposals to Eliminate the Department

Some policymakers have called for eliminating the Department of Education entirely, arguing that education should be entirely state and local, that the Department represents federal overreach, that eliminating it would reduce bureaucracy and waste, and that education outcomes haven't significantly improved despite federal spending. Those defending the Department counter that eliminating it wouldn't reduce federal spending unless programs were also cut, that many Department functions like administering Federal Student Aid and enforcing civil rights would need to continue somewhere, that the Department provides valuable research, data, and coordination that wouldn't happen otherwise, and that dismantling the Department would create disruption without clear benefits.

While proposals to eliminate the Department attract attention, the practical challenges of doing so—including transferring programs to other agencies, maintaining loan servicing for millions of borrowers, and ensuring continued civil rights enforcement—make complete elimination unlikely. However, the Department's size, scope, and priorities may shift significantly based on political changes and evolving views of federal education policy.

How the Department of Education Affects Your Daily Life

While the Department of Education may seem distant from everyday educational experiences, its policies and programs affect students, families, and educators in numerous concrete ways.

For K-12 Students and Families

The Department's impact on K-12 education includes ensuring your school receives federal funding for programs serving disadvantaged students, students with disabilities, and English learners; protecting your rights against discrimination based on race, sex, disability, or other protected characteristics; collecting data that helps identify achievement gaps and areas where schools need improvement; supporting programs that provide extended learning opportunities, tutoring, and enrichment activities; and funding initiatives that improve teacher quality, school facilities, and access to technology.

If you're a student working to improve your academic performance, understanding available resources can make a significant difference. Our AI Study Guide Maker can help you create personalized study plans based on your specific needs and learning style, complementing the educational opportunities your school provides.

For College Students and Graduates

The Department's impact on higher education is even more direct for many students. If you've applied for federal student aid, you've interacted with the Department through the FAFSA (Free Application for Federal Student Aid) process. The Department determines your eligibility for Pell Grants, federal loans, and work-study programs; sets interest rates and repayment terms for federal student loans; offers income-driven repayment plans that adjust payments based on your income; provides loan forgiveness programs for public service workers and teachers; regulates colleges to ensure they meet quality standards; and collects data on college costs, graduation rates, and employment outcomes.

For the millions of students who depend on federal financial aid to attend college, the Department's policies directly affect their ability to pursue higher education and manage the resulting debt. Changes to loan repayment options, interest rates, or eligibility requirements can have major financial consequences for borrowers.

For Educators and School Leaders

Teachers and administrators interact with the Department through various program requirements, reporting obligations, and professional development opportunities. The Department affects educators by setting requirements for educator preparation programs, providing grants for teacher professional development, establishing guidelines for evaluating teacher and principal effectiveness, collecting data on teacher qualifications and shortages, and offering resources and guidance on implementing effective instructional practices.

While some educators view federal requirements as burdensome paperwork, others appreciate the additional resources, research-based guidance, and professional learning opportunities the Department provides. The Department's role in education workforce development continues to evolve as debates continue about teacher evaluation, certification requirements, and professional support.

How the Department Works with States and Local Districts

The Department of Education doesn't operate schools directly; instead, it works through partnerships with state education agencies, local school districts, colleges, and universities. Understanding these relationships clarifies how federal policies translate into local practice.

State Education Agencies (SEAs)

Each state has a state education agency—typically called the State Department of Education or State Board of Education—responsible for implementing federal education programs within that state. The Department provides formula grant funds to SEAs, which then distribute funds to local districts according to federal requirements and state policies. SEAs also submit plans showing how they'll implement federal programs like Title I and IDEA, ensure compliance with federal regulations through monitoring and oversight, collect and report data to the federal government, and provide technical assistance to local districts implementing federal programs.

The Department reviews state plans for compliance with federal law, monitors state implementation, and provides guidance and support. When states fail to comply with federal requirements, the Department can require corrective action and, in extreme cases, withhold funds, though this enforcement action is rare and typically used only when states refuse to address serious violations.

Local Educational Agencies (LEAs)

Local school districts, called Local Educational Agencies in federal parlance, receive federal funds either directly from the Department or through state education agencies. Districts must comply with federal program requirements, including properly using funds for authorized purposes, meeting civil rights obligations, reporting required data, and achieving specified outcomes. In return, districts receive funding to support disadvantaged students, students with disabilities, career and technical education, teacher development, and other priorities.

Federal requirements sometimes create tension between what districts want to do and what federal programs allow. However, most districts view federal funds as essential support for serving high-need students who require additional resources. The Department tries to balance accountability for results with flexibility for local implementation, though where to strike that balance remains contentious.

The Department's Role in International Education

While primarily focused on domestic education, the Department also engages in international activities that affect American students and the global competitiveness of U.S. education.

International Assessments and Comparisons

The Department participates in international assessments like PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment) and TIMSS (Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study), which compare student achievement across countries. These assessments have sparked national conversations about U.S. education quality, with mixed results showing American students performing around average compared to international peers in subjects like mathematics and science. While some caution against over-interpreting these comparisons given differences in education systems and student populations, others argue they highlight areas where U.S. education needs improvement.

International Education Programs

The Department supports programs promoting international education and global competence through the Fulbright-Hays Program, which provides fellowships for students and faculty to study abroad; foreign language education programs supporting the teaching of critical languages; international education research and policy studies; and partnerships with other countries' education ministries on shared challenges. These programs aim to prepare American students for participation in an increasingly interconnected global economy and promote mutual understanding across nations.

Current Priorities and the Future of the Department

The Department of Education's priorities shift with changing administrations, emerging research, and evolving national needs. Understanding current focuses provides insight into where education policy may be heading.

Recent Priority Areas

In recent years, the Department has emphasized several priority areas including addressing COVID-19's impact on education through emergency funding, learning loss interventions, and mental health support; promoting equity and closing achievement gaps based on race, income, disability, and language; expanding access to early childhood education through programs like Preschool Development Grants; improving career pathways through apprenticeships, career and technical education, and connections between education and workforce needs; addressing student mental health and school safety; and supporting educator recruitment, retention, and development amid teacher shortages.

Emerging Challenges

The Department faces several emerging challenges that will shape its work in coming years. The pandemic's lasting effects on student learning, attendance, and mental health require sustained intervention and support. Rising concerns about student privacy in an era of educational technology demand updated policies balancing innovation with protection. Questions about regulating artificial intelligence in education will require new frameworks as AI tools become more prevalent. College affordability and student debt continue to demand policy attention and solutions. Teacher shortages in critical subjects and locations threaten education quality in many communities. Political polarization around education issues makes consensus difficult on questions ranging from curriculum content to school funding.

As education continues to evolve, students need adaptive learning strategies that help them thrive in changing environments. Tools like our personalized study resources and GPA calculator can help you stay on track academically regardless of policy shifts and educational changes.

How Students, Families, and Educators Can Engage with the Department

The Department of Education provides numerous ways for stakeholders to access information, apply for programs, submit complaints, and participate in policy discussions.

Key Resources and Contacts

The Department maintains several important resources for the public including the Federal Student Aid website (studentaid.gov), which provides information about applying for financial aid, managing loans, and using repayment tools; ED.gov, the Department's main website with information about programs, policies, grants, and research; the Office for Civil Rights complaint portal for reporting discrimination; the Family Policy Compliance Office for FERPA questions and complaints; regional office contacts for technical assistance; and ED Pubs, which offers free publications on various education topics.

Participating in the Policy Process

Members of the public can participate in federal education policy through several mechanisms including submitting comments on proposed regulations during public comment periods, attending public hearings on education issues, contacting their congressional representatives about education funding and policy priorities, participating in surveys and data collection efforts, and engaging with Department officials through forums, conferences, and stakeholder meetings. While individual voices may seem small in a large federal system, collective input does influence policy development and implementation.

Frequently Asked Questions About the Department of Education

Does the Department of Education control what schools teach?

No, the Department of Education does not control curriculum or determine what specific content schools teach. Under the U.S. Constitution, education is primarily a state responsibility, and states delegate most curriculum decisions to local school districts. The Department influences education through funding, research, and civil rights enforcement, but it cannot require states or districts to adopt particular curricula. However, federal accountability requirements and grant programs can indirectly influence what schools prioritize, leading to debates about federal overreach versus appropriate national standards.

How much money does the Department of Education have?

The Department of Education's annual budget typically ranges from $100-120 billion, including both discretionary funding (around $70-80 billion) and mandatory spending (primarily Pell Grants, around $30-40 billion). While this sounds substantial, it represents only 8-10% of total K-12 education spending in the United States, with states and local districts providing the remaining 90-92%. For higher education, federal funding plays a larger role through student aid programs, though colleges and universities also rely heavily on tuition, state funding, and private sources.

Can the Department of Education be eliminated?

Technically, Congress could pass legislation eliminating the Department of Education since it was created by statute rather than constitutional requirement. However, eliminating the Department would require decisions about what to do with its functions including administering $120 billion in federal student aid annually, enforcing civil rights laws in education, distributing federal grants to schools and districts, collecting national education statistics, and conducting education research. These functions would likely need to be transferred to other agencies rather than simply ended. Additionally, eliminating the Department wouldn't automatically reduce federal spending unless programs were also cut. Because of these practical challenges, complete elimination remains unlikely even when proposed by policymakers.

What is the difference between the Department of Education and state departments of education?

The U.S. Department of Education is a federal agency that administers federal education programs, enforces federal education laws, and collects national data. State departments of education (often called State Education Agencies) operate within individual states, implementing both state and federal education policies. State departments typically have much broader authority over day-to-day education operations including setting state curriculum standards, certifying teachers, accrediting schools, administering state assessments, and directly overseeing local school districts. The federal Department works with state departments primarily through funding and oversight rather than direct control.

How do I apply for federal student aid?

To apply for federal student aid including Pell Grants, federal student loans, and work-study programs, you must complete the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) available at studentaid.gov. The FAFSA collects information about your and your family's financial situation to determine your eligibility for need-based aid. You should complete the FAFSA as early as possible after October 1 of the year before you plan to attend college, as some aid is awarded on a first-come, first-served basis. The FAFSA is free to complete—never pay someone to fill it out for you. After submitting the FAFSA, you'll receive a Student Aid Report showing your Expected Family Contribution, and colleges will use this information to create financial aid packages for you.

How can I file a civil rights complaint against a school?

If you believe a school, college, or other educational institution receiving federal funds has discriminated against you based on race, color, national origin, sex, disability, or age, you can file a complaint with the Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights. Complaints can be submitted online through the OCR website, by mail, or by email. You must file within 180 days of the alleged discrimination, though this deadline can be extended in certain circumstances. OCR will review your complaint to determine whether it falls within its jurisdiction and, if so, investigate the allegations. The office keeps complaints confidential to the extent possible and prohibits retaliation against complainants.

What is Title IX and how does it protect students?

Title IX is a federal civil rights law passed in 1972 that prohibits discrimination based on sex in education programs and activities receiving federal financial assistance. While many people associate Title IX primarily with athletics and ensuring equal opportunities for women's sports, it covers a much broader range of issues including sexual harassment and assault, pregnancy and parenting discrimination, equal access to programs and courses, treatment of transgender students, and employment discrimination in education. Schools must have a Title IX coordinator responsible for ensuring compliance, and they must respond promptly and effectively to reports of sex discrimination. The Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights enforces Title IX through investigations, guidance, and policy development.

How does the Department help students with disabilities?

The Department of Education supports students with disabilities primarily through administering the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), which provides federal funding to states for special education services and establishes rights for students with disabilities including free appropriate public education, individualized education programs, placement in the least restrictive environment, and due process protections. The Department's Office of Special Education Programs provides guidance, technical assistance, and oversight to ensure states properly implement IDEA. Additionally, the Office for Civil Rights enforces Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act and Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act, which prohibit discrimination based on disability and require schools to provide accommodations allowing students with disabilities to access education. Through these laws and programs, the Department works to ensure students with disabilities receive appropriate services and equal educational opportunities.

What role does the Department play in student loan forgiveness?

The Department of Education administers several federal student loan forgiveness programs including Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF), which cancels remaining debt after 120 qualifying payments for borrowers working in government or nonprofit jobs; Teacher Loan Forgiveness, which provides up to $17,500 in forgiveness for teachers working in low-income schools; and income-driven repayment forgiveness, which cancels remaining balances after 20-25 years of qualifying payments under income-driven plans. The Department also has authority to discharge loans in certain circumstances such as school closure, false certification by schools, total and permanent disability, or death of the borrower. Recent proposals for broader student loan forgiveness have sparked debate about the Department's legal authority to cancel debt on a large scale, with courts weighing in on whether such actions require congressional authorization.

How can educators access Department resources and funding?

Educators can access Department resources through several channels including the Department's website (ED.gov), which provides guidance on implementing federal programs, research on effective practices, and professional learning resources; discretionary grant programs that schools and districts can apply for through Grants.gov; formula grants like Title I and Title II that flow through state education agencies to districts; Regional Educational Laboratories that provide research-based assistance to states and districts; comprehensive centers that offer technical assistance on federal program implementation; and the What Works Clearinghouse, which reviews research on education programs and practices. Teachers can also pursue programs like TEACH Grants that provide financial assistance for those preparing to teach in high-need fields and schools.

Conclusion: The Department of Education's Essential Role

The U.S. Department of Education plays a complex and often misunderstood role in American education. Rather than controlling what students learn in classrooms, the Department works to ensure equal access to educational opportunities, support students and schools through targeted funding, enforce civil rights protections, collect data that informs policy decisions, and promote evidence-based practices through research and dissemination.

From the student applying for financial aid to attend college, to the teacher in a Title I school serving disadvantaged students, to the parent advocating for accommodations for a child with disabilities, the Department's work touches millions of lives every day. While debates continue about the appropriate scope of federal involvement in education, the Department remains a crucial bridge between national priorities and local educational realities.

Understanding what the Department of Education does empowers you to better navigate the education system, access available resources, protect your rights, and participate in policy discussions that shape educational opportunities for current and future generations. Whether you're a student planning your educational path, a parent supporting your child's learning, or an educator working to improve outcomes, knowing how the federal education system operates helps you make informed decisions and advocate effectively for positive change.

As you continue your educational journey, remember that success comes not just from understanding policies and structures, but from actively engaging with learning, seeking support when needed, and taking advantage of available resources. If you're looking for personalized academic support, book a free demo class with our expert tutors who can help you achieve your academic goals regardless of policy changes or educational challenges you face.

What Does the Department of Education Do? Complete Guide to U.S. Federal Education